tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-25955372032772987302024-03-06T00:09:50.386+01:00Philosophia Buddhica(Personal blog of Dorji Wangchuk (Kuliśeśvara) for philosophical reflection, speculation, and deliberation)Dorji Wangchuk (Kuliśeśvara)http://www.blogger.com/profile/02042613761261634658noreply@blogger.comBlogger146125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2595537203277298730.post-35415731211776901022021-09-27T23:56:00.013+02:002021-09-27T23:58:25.723+02:00Buddhist Semiology<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><span style="font-size: large;">Some Notes on Buddhist Semiology </span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><span style="font-size: large;">§1. Semiology is said to be another term for “semiotics,” which in turn, is said to be “the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation.”
§2. Is it justified to talk of a “Buddhist semiology”? Obviously. Let us keep it very basic. The signs, significations, the signified. Think of: <i>abhidhāna</i> and <i>abhidheya</i>; <i>lakṣaṇa</i> and <i>lakṣya</i>, <i>saṃketa</i>, <i>sāṃketika</i> and <i>pāramārthika</i>. Add Tibetan words for these. There are many more terms and concepts that relevant for semiology.
§3. Physical, verbal, and conceptual signs have some referents as the signified. Sounds and symbols are signs only if there is something signified.
§4. Those factors which bind signs with the signified are conceptual constructions. Without conceptual constructions, semiology would not possible.
§5. Take terms such as <i>vinaya</i>, <i>abhidharma</i>, <i>prajñāparamitā</i>, <i>tantra</i>. Always two: <i>abhidhāna</i> and <i>abhidheya</i>; <i>pada</i> and <i>artha</i>.
§6. Rong zom pa speaks of <i>brdar gyur pa</i>, <i>sgrar grags pa</i>, <i>sgrar snang ba</i>. All of these are signs.
§7. All signs are conceptually signed. Verbal and sign languages operate according to a similar principle: <i>sgra don ’dres ’dzin</i>. As such, related with language and logic.
§9. The terms <i>nimitta</i> and <i>saṃjñā</i>. No <i>saṃjñā</i> without <i>nimitta</i>. Ontology and soteriology. Note: <i>nimitta</i> as a cause: material cause and logical cause. Former in a narrow sense is gender specific signs: such as male and female physical attributes and organs.
§9. Gender specific <i>nimitta</i>s (real or imagined) activate or instigate feelings and sensations. Tackle <i>nimitta</i> and <i>saṃjñā</i>.
§10. <i>aśubhabhāvanā</i> presuppose <i>nimitta</i> and <i>saṃjñā</i>.
§11. <i>rgyu mtshan ma med pa</i>, <i>chos thams cad mtshan ma med pa</i> = <i>chos thams cad stong pa</i>. Ontological tabula rasa. Leave no room for <i>mtshan ma</i>. No <i>mtshan ma</i>, no <i>saṃjñā</i>.
§12. Tantric: <i>mtshan bcas mtshan med rdzogs rim</i>. Using <i>mtshan ma </i>in a soteriologically beneficial way.
§13. visual <i>mudrā</i>s, verbal mantras, visualization also signs. <i>dhama</i>s as signs and <i>dharmatā</i> as signified.
§14. Using all possible phenomena such as the 5 <i>skandha</i>s, all letters and syllables as signs. saṃsāric phenomena as signs and nirvāṇic reality as the signified.
§15. All colors, all shapes, all times, as signs and substrates of the purity and reality.
§16. All <i>maṇḍala</i>s, all temples, all <i>stūpa</i>s, objects such <i>vajra</i> and bell are ascribed with significance of all teachings of the Buddha.</span></span></p>Dorji Wangchuk (Kuliśeśvara)http://www.blogger.com/profile/02042613761261634658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2595537203277298730.post-65186396607986298312021-07-04T15:50:00.005+02:002021-07-04T15:56:37.743+02:00A Grammatical Term: yin byed kyi mtha’ can<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Cormorant Garamond; font-size: large;">If we do a search in the BuddhaNexus, we would find a couple of occurrences of the grammatical expression <i>yin byed kyi mtha’ can</i>, that occurs in some <i>śabdaśāstra</i>s and <i>pramāṇaśāstra</i>s. It is also used by Rong-zom-pa. This must refer to a kind of Sanskrit suffix. It occurs in the context of <i>taddhitapratyaya</i> (<i>de la phan pa’i rkyen</i>) “secondary suffix” and <i>kṛtpratyaya</i> (<i>byed pa’i rkyen</i>) “primary suffix.” Some sources mention <i>yin byed kyi rkyen</i>. We may, for now, take <i>rkyen</i> and <i>mtha’</i> to be synonymous. This can be deduced from the use of the expressions <i>kṛtpratyaya</i> and <i>kṛdanta</i>. For the want of a better suggestion, I am considering if <i>yin byed kyi mtha’/rkyen</i> is a Tibetan rendering of <i>bhāvapratyaya</i>, which has been translated elsewhere as <i>dngos po’i rkyen</i>. In Rong-zom-pa’s case, the term <i>yin byed kyi mtha’ can</i> should not be understood as the suffix itself but as referring to a word with this suffix. If this holds, the term <i>yin byed kyi mtha’ can</i> may be translated as “a [word] that possesses being-making/causing suffix.” This <i>bhāvapratyaya</i> is said to be an “abstraction/nominalizing suffix” (i.e. <i>tva</i> or <i>tā</i>).</span></span></div><p></p>Dorji Wangchuk (Kuliśeśvara)http://www.blogger.com/profile/02042613761261634658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2595537203277298730.post-32076266616222105492021-06-01T12:14:00.002+02:002021-06-01T12:18:32.430+02:00Buddhist Yuktiology<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: large;">I need this word: Yuktiology. It should refer to the study, theory, or, conception of <i>yukti</i>. What is a <i>yukti</i>? There we begin with the problem. As a point of departure, we may begin with the four kinds of <i>yukti</i>. There are several Indian Buddhist sources for this. We have many more Tibetan sources. But my concern here is Rong zom pa’s Yuktiology, which may be described as an “extraordinary or exceptional Yuktiology,” from the point of view of the Sarvadharmāpratiṣṭhānavāda system of the “extraordinary or exceptional Mahāyāna.” For now, we shall contend that the causal efficacy of things, effects’ dependency on their causes, the reality or essentiality of things, and the logicality or rationality of reasons and reasoning may all be called <i>yukti</i>. </span></p><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: large;">Addendum:<br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />(1) reasoning of intrinsic <b>reality,</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: large;">(2) reasoning of causal <b>efficacy</b>/<b>affectivity (</b>knowing effect through cause),<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: large;">(3) reasoning of result’s<b> dependency</b> (knowing cause through effect), and<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: large;">(4) reasoning that demonstrates the <b>rationality</b>/<b>logicality </b>of reason.</span></div>Dorji Wangchuk (Kuliśeśvara)http://www.blogger.com/profile/02042613761261634658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2595537203277298730.post-41928661144656542522021-04-02T21:19:00.008+02:002021-04-02T21:33:34.062+02:00Buddhist Axiology<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cormorant Garamond; font-size: large;">§1. Is there anything in Buddhist philosophy that can be said to have an intrinsic value, that is, any entity or reality that has a value-in-itself or is an end-in-itself? One might debate about whether the <i>Summum bonum</i> according to each Buddhist system can be attributed with an intrinsic value but otherwise nothing can be said to have an intrinsic value inasmuch as the physical-psychical complexes (<i>skandha: phung po</i>) that constitute the entire conditioned existence is fleeting, hollow, and essence-less. But because nothing has an intrinsic value everything can be attributed with an extrinsic/instrumental/contributory value. Some Mahāyāna thinkers might argue that even the Buddhahood itself has only an instrumental value insofar as it is meant to serve as a mere means of benefiting other sentient beings. Can benevolence and beneficence then be attributed with an intrinsic value, at least according to some Buddhist philosophers? If so, can we assume that some Buddhists attributed intrinsic value to ethical values?
§2. How about aesthetic values (or sensori-emotional values)? Is there a Buddhist philosophical standpoint on aesthetic values? How did Buddhist philosophers view the nature and status of art, beauty, and taste? What did they think of the creation and appreciation of beauty? Here, too, perhaps, they could have not denied the instrumental value of aesthetic values but certainly they would not have attributed any intrinsic value to sensori-emotional values. Importantly, the Buddhist concept of beauty and the appreciation of beauty seem to determined by the Buddhist concept of purity and the appreciation of purity, on both mundane and supra-mundane, physical and spiritual levels. That is, I find something or someone beautiful because I assume that something or someone is pure. (Thinking of what Āryadeva said with regard to the association between the notion of purity and desirability.) The spiritual and supra-mundane purity would override the physical and mundane purity. A pure mind/heart is a beautiful mind/heart.
§3. How about epistemic values? I suppose that only instrumental value can be attributed to epistemic values.
§4. Perhaps an objection: Some things, such as venom or ambrosia (“elixir of life”), must have an intrinsic value because of their intrinsic (i.e. ontologically existent) efficacy and efficiency to kill or cure. Response: The efficacy and efficiency of these substances are due to their instrumental value not because they have an intrinsic value. There is nothing that has an inherent existence. If substances such as elixir and poison have the intrinsic potential to kill or cure, they should be able to kill or cure anybody and at all times, but this obviously not the case. Even venom can sometimes cure somebody, whereas even elixir can kill somebody. This idea is stated clearly in the <i>Mahāparinirvāṇasūtra</i> (T, fol. 190a3–4):
<i>kha chig bdud rtsi ’thungs pas ’chi mi ’gyur ||
kha chig gis ni ’thungs nas ’chi bar ’gyur ||
kha cig dug ’thung pas kyang ’chi mi ’gyur ||
kha cig gis ni ’thungs nas ’chi bar ’gyur ||</i>
Some do not die after drinking elixir.
Some do die after drinking [it].
Some do not die even after drinking poison.
Some do die after drinking [it]. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cormorant Garamond; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cormorant Garamond; font-size: large;">§5. I contend that Buddhist ethical-spiritual values have been crystallized or embodied in the so-called six perfections (<i>pāramitā: pha rol tu phyin pa</i>). </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cormorant Garamond; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cormorant Garamond; font-size: large;">§6. Mahāyānic ethical-spiritual could be subsumed under compassion (<i>karuṇā: snying rje</i>) and insight (<i>prajñā/jñāna: shes rab / ye shes</i>) and these are further crystallized as <i>bodhicitta</i>.
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cormorant Garamond; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cormorant Garamond; font-size: large;">§7. Mātṛceṭa, <i>Varṇārhavarṇastotra</i> 6. 28 (Hartmann 1987: 207). The <i>pāda</i> b is missing. The basic idea is that <i>duḥkha</i> or <i>sukha</i>, if not meaningful or purposeful, should be abandoned. If so adopted. Implication: <i>duḥkha</i> or <i>sukha</i> may be meaningful or meaningless. See Jens-Uwe Hartmann (ed. & tr.), <i>Das Varṅārhavarṇastotra des Mātṛceṭa. Sanskrittexte aus den Turfanfunden XII</i>. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1987.</span></div>Dorji Wangchuk (Kuliśeśvara)http://www.blogger.com/profile/02042613761261634658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2595537203277298730.post-34962109685973696472020-03-06T15:03:00.002+01:002020-03-06T15:03:28.202+01:00Coronology<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Baskerville;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The world is reeling under fears and risks of Coronavirus. Many scheduled events had to be put on hold. Perhaps it is the nature’s way to tell humans: “Slow down! Don’t run around like crazy!” We can notice that the turbulence of our 84,000 cognitional-emotional defilements (<i>kleśa: nyon mongs pa</i>) is at its peak. We are drowning in our own five kinds of dregs or scums (<i>kṣaya: snyigs ma</i>) that Buddhist sources speak of. All of us who identify ourselves as politically and ideologically left, right, or centrist are seething with self-righteousness and hatred for all others who think, believe, and act differently. For those of us who believe that we have received and abide by <i>bodhisattva</i> precepts, there is a real risk that it is a mere bubble of illusion that we have created for ourselves. If one hates a single individual and thus mentally abandons him or her, one would incur the “transgression of abandoning sentient beings” (<i>sems can yal bar ’dor ba’i ltung ba</i>). A solution? Disagree with our <i>prajñā</i>, but with our <i>karuṇā</i>, we should embrace everyone without exception! The attitude that I love most of my leftist comrades but hate Trump and his supporters is simply incompatible with one’s <i>bodhisattva</i> precepts. Well, each of us is responsible for our own ethical-ascetical integrity. The beauty of Buddhism is that one has the freedom to go to hell, that is, if one chooses. I personally would like to believe that our external 84,000 illnesses or diseases are mere symptoms of our inner 84,000 cognitional-emotional defilements (<i>kleśa: nyon mongs pa</i>). We can temporarily try to fight the external 84,000 illnesses or diseases, but as long as we nurture and intensify our 84,000 cognitional-emotional defilements, these will find a way to emerge as pandemic diseases. We just have to recall that <i>kleśa</i>s are pan-saṃsāric! This is a small personal thought associated with </span></span><span style="font-family: Baskerville; font-size: x-large;">the coronology.</span></div>
Dorji Wangchuk (Kuliśeśvara)http://www.blogger.com/profile/02042613761261634658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2595537203277298730.post-90665194149691501152020-01-03T16:32:00.001+01:002020-01-03T16:33:15.292+01:00Buddhist Anomalogy
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: x-large;">In a world of political correctness, where
epistemic and ethical correctness no longer or hardly plays a role, to speak of
anomaly may carry a hint of criminality. What is standard, normal, or expected?
We would be reprimanded by the self-righteous and self-declared vice squad.
Nonetheless, I wish to speak here of “Buddhist anomalogy,” that is, theories or
doctrines in Buddhism, that seem to deviate from what is regarded as
standard, normal, or expected. The tradition, for example, the Tibetan
tradition, itself seems to characterize such elements as “uncommon” (<i>thun
mong ma yin pa</i>) as juxtaposed or opposed to those that are
mainstream/standard and thus “common.” Importantly, those who endorse anomalous
doctrines would, however, never reject those that are standard and common. Many
aspects of Buddhist anomalogy can be found in the domains of Buddhist
ontology, Buddhist soteriology, Buddhist epistemology, Buddhist gnoseology,
Buddhology, Saddharmology, Buddhist axiology, Buddhist cosmology, Buddhist
phenomenology, Buddhist psychology, Buddhist sentientology, Buddhist
eschatology, and so on. These are mere venues of explorations. I wish to return
to these points in the near future. </span></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Dorji Wangchuk (Kuliśeśvara)http://www.blogger.com/profile/02042613761261634658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2595537203277298730.post-65212085961651272462019-12-21T15:48:00.000+01:002019-12-21T15:48:01.325+01:00Buddhist Phobiology or Buddhist Fearology
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-large;">When one is
doing or supposed to do an assignment “x” but ends up doing or wants to do “y,”
then one is under the spell of <i>māra</i>. This is the idea of <i>mārakarman</i>
(<i>bdud kyi las</i>). It is one of the many kinds of <i>mārakarman</i>. Such a
<i>karman</i> is not necessarily evil or intrinsically unwholesome. It just
hinders one from getting things done. I am right now under such a spell. My
article on secrecy is not getting done in time. It is dragging on. There are so
many obstacles. There are so many details that need to be traced and verified.
One such detail is the element of fear or phobia. The more I think of it, the
more I think it is desirable to talk about “Buddhist phobiology” or “Buddhist fearology,”
that is, a kind of Buddhist philosophy or psychology of fear.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Here are some points to consider. (1)
The semantic distinction between “fear” and “danger/risks” is warranted. Both Sanskrit
<i>bhaya</i> and Tibetan <i>’jigs pa</i> have these two semantic facets. (2) Psychologists
would tell us that there is difference between rational fear for real dangers
and irrational fear for imaginary dangers. (3) Perhaps from a Buddhist
perspective, although I am not sure, perhaps one may state that strictly
speaking all “fears” are irrational. That is, fear is a psychological state of
mind associated with conceptual construction, which is not a valid cognition. Some,
on the one hand, even without knowing any real danger, may be gripped with
fear. Some, on the other hand, may remain fearless even while knowing the
dangers and risks. (4) The Buddha is said to be characterized by four kinds of
fearlessness. The question is what makes a <i>buddha</i> or beings like himself
fearless and what makes one fearful? (5) Perhaps the most fundamental cause
that makes fear possible is the notion of self. The fear of losing one’s
existence and continuance. Let us call it “existential fear.” And then comes
the fear of losing what one believes is one’s own. The fear of not getting what
one wants, the fear of getting what one does not want. The fear of becoming
what one does not want to be, and the fear of not becoming what one wants to become.
The list can go on. (6) Normally a regular being would be fearful of, let us,
hellish existence, and be hopeful of celestial existence. Wise beings,
according to</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: X-NONE;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="mso-ansi-language: X-NONE;">Buddhism (e.g. CŚ 7.14), are,
however, said to be as terrified of </span><span lang="EN-US">celestial existence
as of hellish celestial existence! Why? The axiological orientation is
different. Similarly, normally it is said that one should be afraid of <i>saṃsāra</i>,
and seek <i>nirvāṇa</i>. But for <i>bodhisattva</i>s, who wish to remain active
in <i>saṃsāra</i> for the benefit of sentient beings, premature or undesired slip
into <i>nirvāṇa</i> is seen as a kind of danger. This, as I pointed out
elsewhere presupposes an early notion of <i>nirvāṇa</i>. No such danger would
be posed by, for example, non-fixed <i>nirvāṇa</i>. (7) From a Buddhist point
of view, <i>saddharma</i> is like a powerful medicine. The more profound a <i>saddharma
</i>is, the greater is the benefit but also greater are the risks involved.
Vajrāyānic <i>saddharma</i> is said to be even more profound and thus even riskier.
These risks are not imaginary. There are real risks involved. The risks involved
are as real as the risks of playing with a king cobra! (8) The idea of fear seems
to be closely related with the idea of <i>kṣānti</i>. There are many kinds of <i>kṣānti</i>.
It seems to be a kind of intellectual-psychological capacity to bear or encounter
any entity or reality, no matter how unpleasant, how painful, how disgusting, or
how profound!<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />Dorji Wangchuk (Kuliśeśvara)http://www.blogger.com/profile/02042613761261634658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2595537203277298730.post-46915306119862979012019-11-13T00:20:00.001+01:002019-11-30T11:27:37.846+01:00Buddhist Paradoxology<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "baskerville" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">I wish to characterize the Buddhist usage of seeming contradictory
propositions and ideas as “Buddhist Paradoxology.” I do this for sheer fun.
First, the eight kinds of profundities (<i>zab mo brgyad</i>) or eight kinds of
profound teachings (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">zab
mo’i chos rnam pa brgyad</i>) should be explored. Such a paradoxology is very
typical of the Prajñāparamitā doctrines and all those that are based on or
inspired by these. A staring point would be the following: Mi-pham, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mKhas ’jug</i> (§): <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">’o na bden pa gnyis
su phye ba don med cing bden pa gcig tu ’gyur ro snyam na | bden pa gnyis su
phye ba ni bden pa gcig pu don dam bden pa mthar thug pa chos dbyings mnyam pa
nyid ’di la ’jug pa’i thabs yin pas don yod la | mthar thug pa den pa gcig pu
chos thams cad gdod nas zhi zhing ma skyes la mya ngan las ’das pa mnyam pa
nyid yin par rgyal ba nyid kyis gsungs zhing shing rta chen po rnams kyis bstan
bcos dag las kyang de ltar bsgrubs zin to || de ltar zab mo’i mthar thug pa’i
don ’di la bzod pa nam thob na de’i tshe de bzhin gshegs pa’i gsungs rabs mtha’
dag gi bstan don zab cing rgya che ba thams cad la nges pa’i shes pa the tshom
gyi smag dang bral ba skye ba yin no || ’on kyang theg pa chen po la blo ma
sbyangs shing tshogs bsags pa dman pa bden gnyis ’gal bar ’dzin pa’i blo can
rnams skrag pa’i gnas su ’gyur mod kyi | zab mo brgyad ldan rtogs pa’i shes rab
kyi spyan dang ldan pa rnams gnas ’di la shin tu yid ches par ’gyur te | zab mo
brgyad gang zhe na | skye ba dang skye med lta bu bden pa gnyis po de dag byis
pa’i blo la ’gal ba ltar snang yang | zab mo’i chos nyid gzigs pa rnams kyi
ngor | don dam par skye ba brtag na dben bzhin rten ’brel bslu med kyi dbang
gis tha snyad du skye ba yod pa ’gal ba med par ma zad don gcig tu ’char ba
skye ba la zab pa | de bzhin du don dam par ’gag pa med kyang tha snyad du ’gag
pa yod pa ’gal med don gcig tu rtogs pa ’gag pa la zab pa | slob lam du shes
rab kyis de bzhin nyid shes kyang thabs mkhas pas dus min par mngon du mi byed
par gsungs pa la | blo chung ba dag gis de bzhin nyid shes shing goms par bya
ba yin na mngon du byed mi rung ba ci zhig yod | yod na shes shing goms par bya
ba don med do snyam du khong du chud dka’ la | blo ldan rnams de bzhin nyid
shes shing goms pa’i stobs kyis de ’ba’ zhig dus min par mngon du mi byed par
yongs su dag pa mthar thug pa’i ngo bos mngon du byed pa ’gal med don gcig tu
shes pa de bzhin nyid rtogs pa la zab pa | don dam spros bral la sbyin sogs
sgrub tu med par shes bzhin tha snyad du sbyin sogs tshad med par sgrub pa yang
| phal pa’i blo la sgrub tu med na sbyin sogs sgrub par yang mi ’thad la |
sgrub par byed na sgrub pa med pa yang ma yin no snyam du ’gal ba’i tshul gyis
de’i don mi shes kyang | zab mo’i blo dang ldan pa dag gis don dam par sgrub tu
med pa’i dbang gis tha snyad du sgrub pa dang de’i ’bras bu ’grub pa bslu med
du yod kyi | don dam par yod na de lta bu mi rigs pa’i tshul shes nas de gnyis
don gcig tu rtogs pa shes bya la zab pa | don dam par chos gang yang dmigs su
med pas mthong ba ci yang med la | ci yang ma mthong ba de nyid mthong ba’i dam
pa’o zhes gsungs pa la | blo dman pa dag gis | ci yang ma mthong ba la mthong
ba’i dam pa ci zhig yod | mthong ba dam pa yod na de nyid mthong ba yin gyi ci
yang ma mthong ba ma yin no snyam du ’gal bar ’dzin la | zab mo’i blo ldan
rnams kyis dngos dngos med kyi chos su gtogs pa’i mthong ba’am dmigs par bya ba
yod na de nyid de’i mtshan mar ’dzin pa dang lta bar gyur pa yin pas mi rtog
pa’i ye shes yod mi srid la | dmigs pas mthong bar bya ba ci yang med pa’i don
so so rang gis rig pa la the tshom med cing chos kun gyi gnas lugs bsam gyis mi
khyab pa ’di kho na yin par nyams su myong ba yod pa’i tshul khong du chud pa
shes pa la zab pa | de bzhin du don dam par chos gang yang spyod du med pa la
spyod pa ni spyod pa’i mchog ste gnas lugs kyi don la spyod par gsungs pa
la’ang gong du bshad pa’i tshul gyis ’gal med don gcig tu rtogs pa spyod pa la
zab pa | yang dag pa’i don du bsgrub bya sgrub byed gnyis med kyang tha snyad
du lam sgrub pa yang gong du bshad pa’i tshul gyi ’gal med don gcig tu rtogs pa
gnyis med la zab pa | kun rdzob tu tshogs gnyis rdzogs par byed la don dam par
de’i ’bras bu sangs rgyas thob du med par bstan pa dang | thob med nyid thob
pa’i mchog tu bstan pa la’ang | byis pa rnams kyis ’gal ’dur bzung nas | sgra
ji bzhin du rtogs mi nus par rnam bzhag gzhan dang gzhan du ’chad par sems
kyang | zab mo’i blo dang ldan pa rnams kyis don dam par thob tu yod pa dmigs
pa can zhig yod na bsam gyis mi khyab pa’i ye shes kyi sku can sangs rgyas nyid
ma yin te chos nyi tshe bas bsdus pa’i ’bras bu nyi tshe ba’o || chos nyid bsam
gyis mi khyab pa’i gnas lugs ni bsgrub thob med par shes kyang | de ’dra’i chos
nyid mngon du ’gyur ba la blo bur gyi dri ma dag byed tshogs gnyis tshogs dgos
pa yin zhing | de yang don dam par bsgrub med dang thob med yin pa’i gnad kyis
tha snyad du bsgrub cing thob pa bslu med yin pa’i tshul ’gal med don gcig tu
rtogs pa ni ’bras bu mngon du byed pa’i thabs mkhas la zab pa ste | mdor na
stong rten ’byung ’gal med zung ’jug don gcig tu rtogs pa’i zab mo brgyad ldan
’di ni mngon du gyur pa sa brgyad pa pa’i rtogs rigs su gsungs pa yin la | zab
mo’i don dang rjes su mthun pa’i bzod pa thob pa rnams la’ang cha ’dra ba
’byung zhing | theg chen gyi dgongs don la ’jug par ’dod pa’i blo ldan rnams
kyis kyang de’i rjes su mthun pa’i blo bskyed par bya dgos pa yin no ||</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "baskerville" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Second, there are many related ideas. Some examples: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ma mthong ba ni
mthong ba dam pa</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bgrod du med pa ni
lam gyi mchog</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rtsa ba med ni chos
rnams kun gyi rtsa ba</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ci yang med pa la cir
yang ’char du rung ba</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ma gzigs pa’i tshul
gyis gzigs</i>, and so forth.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "baskerville" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Third, the idea of profundity and inconceivability in</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "baskerville" , serif; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE;"> Mahāyāna Buddhism seems to be somehow related (genetically or
generically) to the idea of secrecy and mystery in Mahāyāna</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "baskerville" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">. What makes an entity, reality, event, or mechanism amazing, wondrous, marvellous,
and thus also mysterious. The <i>Bodhicittavivaraṇa</i> (verse no. 88; Lindtner
1997: 62) ascribed to one Nāgārjuna, in my view, expresses the marvel and mystery
of the Mahāyāna paradoxology: <i>chos rnams stong pa ’di shes nas || las dang
’bras bu bsten pa gang || de ni mtsho mtshar bas ngo mtshar || rmad du ’byung
bas rmad du ’byung ||</i>. This idea is one of the eight kinds of profundity-based
Mahāyāna paradoxology. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mi-pham in his <i>Nges
shes sgron me</i> briefly alludes to the idea but mKhan-po Kun-dpal seems completely
oblivious to it. Khro-chu ’Jam-rdor did realize it but he quotes a verse from the
<i>Pañcakrama</i>. John Pettit (e.g. Pettit 1999: 269) does not bother to identify
or even to comment on the source. It needs to be checked of the source indication
is correct. I think what Mi-pham had in mind is <i>Bodhicittavivaraṇa</i> 88. Such
a profundity-based Mahāyāna paradoxology has been, in my view, transmitted in
the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "baskerville" , serif;">*<i>Guhyagarbhatantra</i></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "baskerville" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;"> via what is known among the exegetes as <i>e ma’o mtshar lnga</i>,
which actually belongs to the initiatory setting of the Tantric scripture. Also
the popular idea which seems to be rooted in the gTer-ma literature, namely, the resolution
of the paradoxology of the profundity and height of realization and karmic meticulousness and scruple seems to be connected with the same idea: <i>nga lta ba nam mkha’
bas kyang mtho, las rgyu ’bras bag phye bas kyang zhib</i>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--EndFragment--><br />Dorji Wangchuk (Kuliśeśvara)http://www.blogger.com/profile/02042613761261634658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2595537203277298730.post-44202913109966182012019-10-02T09:20:00.000+02:002019-10-02T09:26:08.779+02:00A Buddhist Timeology
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-large;">It is a little
frustrating when we have an idea but we do not seem to have a suitable word to
express it. I am thinking of a suitable word, a single word, for
“philosophy/theory/study of time.” One finds “horology” but it is said to mean
“the study and measurement of time” or “the art of making clocks and watches.”
This may be indirectly related but this is not exactly what I want. I once used
“temporalogy” but I am quite unhappy with it. One could use “timeology” but it
is not particularly appealing either. One could perhaps use “Kālology” (from
Sanskrit <i>kāla</i> “time”) but it can
easily be confused with “kalology” (i.e. “the study of beauty; aesthetics”).
But for the want of a better term, I will use here “timeology,” or
specifically, “Buddhist timeology,” mainly for the sake of speculating about
the Buddhist philosophies/ideas of time.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For now, I am just collecting random
Buddhist ideas that could be explored for studying the Buddhist concept of
time. (1) Abhidharmically, time belongs to the category of “conditioned
phenomena” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saṃskṛtadharma: ’dus byas kyi
chos</i>), and that too, to “aggregate consisting of impulses” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saṃskāraskandha: ’du byed kyi phung po</i>).
It is one of the 24 impulses dissociated from mind. One can elaborate here. (2)
Speed, too, belongs to the same category. (3) Normally, time often means past,
present, and future. The ontological status of time would be debated among
various systems of Buddhism. (4) There is also the idea of a fourth dimension
of time (i.e. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dus bzhi mnyam pa nyid</i>).
(5) Some Buddhist systems propose the idea of the smallest units or moments of
time. For Mādhyamikas, there is no such thing as unbreakable infinitesimal
moment or span of time. This can be easily demonstrated. (6) Consider the idea
of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bya rdzogs kyi skad cig ma</i>. This
is completely contextual and variable. (7) One also should consider the ideas
of hours, days, nights, weeks, seasons, years, decades, centuries, and various
kinds of eons. (8) To my knowledge, Buddhism denies time as the agent of
creation. Thus the idea that “time heals all wounds” may be acceptable as an
expression but strictly speaking it would be a hollow statement. (8) Is there
such a thing an auspicious time in Buddhism, for example, the birthday of the
Buddha? There is such a thing. But it is not because of its special ontological
status. Consider Klong-chen-pa and others in this regard. Trace Indian sources
for it. There are various ideas of the suitable and unsuitable time for various
kinds of activities and events. (9) Returning to the ontological status of
time, perhaps the Sarvāstivādins or Vaibhāṣikas may posit that time is
substantial (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dravyasat: rdzas su yod pa</i>).
But for Sautrāntikas, it may simply be nominal (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">prajñaptisat: btags par yod pa</i>). One may state that the
Sautrāntikas posit “philosophical presentism” (i.e. the view that neither the
future nor the past exist”). What is sure is that according to the
Sautrāntikas, if something is existent, it must exist only in the present. The
Mādhyamikas deconstruct all notions of time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(10) One can indeed speak of a Buddhist philosophy of time or Buddhist
timeology. In some Mahāyāna sources, time is considered to be one of the ten or
so fields of expertise (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mkhas par bya
ba’i gnas</i>). (11) One must also consider the ideas of speed and duration.
(12) The ideas and practices of time-keeping and time-telling according to
Vinaya sources should be studied. (13) Buddhist timeology would naturally
include elements of astrology found in Buddhist sources. (14) Any other ideas
related to the Buddhist ideas of time should be added here.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Dorji Wangchuk (Kuliśeśvara)http://www.blogger.com/profile/02042613761261634658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2595537203277298730.post-57030773700527752452019-07-26T11:48:00.002+02:002019-07-26T12:11:28.219+02:00Buddhist Evolutionology<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Baskerville",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Apologies that I am using this neologism “Buddhist evolutionology.” Why
am I using it? Because I need it. Should anyone else follow suit? No. The topic
of the Buddhist concept of how external world of habitat and internal world of
inhabitants, i.e. <i>bhājanaloka</i> and <i>sattvaloka</i>,
originated and evolved, is fascinating. One does not have to believe what the
Buddhist sources say. But one should, in my view, attempt to understand what
they say or try to say. The venues of exploration are plenty. Here, too, as
anywhere else, it will be desirable to look at the topic from both its
diachronic and synchronic perspectives. What are the most archaic ideas of
evolution that we can trace? How did these ideas evolve in due course at
various times in history and in different places, systems, schools, and sources?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Baskerville",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Right
now, I am working on the idea of secrecy in Buddhism. It just occurs to me that
according to the “Buddhist evolutionology” suggested by Abhidharmic sources,
which I am not giving them away yet, the psychology of secrecy is actually
rooted in the psychology of privacy, the need for privacy is rooted in the
psychology of guilt and shame, the psychology of guilt and shame is rooted in
gender and sexuality. Interestingly, Buddhist evolutionology does not seem to
ascribe the function of procreation as the primary function of gender and
sexuality but rather what I call Buddhist bromatology (or Buddhist nutriology,
Buddhist sitiology/sitology, and Buddhist alimentology). For better or worse
(from the perspective of Buddhist soteriology), the evolution or distinction of
gender has been directly attributed to the kind of nutrition that sentient
beings take to sustain. Gender specific physical features evolved as a direct
consequence of shifting from a much finer, lighter, and subtler form of
nutriment to a grosser, heavier, and coarser form of nutriment. By the way,
Buddhist nutriology speaks of four kinds of nutriment (i.e. <i>kavaḍīkārāhāra:
kham gyi zas</i><u>;</u> <i>sparśāhāra: reg pa’i zas</i>; <i>manaḥsaṃcetanāhāra:
yid la sems pa’i zas</i><u>;</u> and <i>vijñānāhāra: rnam par shes
pa’i zas</i>). The intake of nutriment also has a direct consequence on the
mode of excretion. Apparently, for example, there is no (and no need for)
excretion if one can sustain on samādhic nutriment, for samādhic nutriment
would produce no waste. Genitals thus evolved to function as apertures of
excretion. There is nothing romantic about them. But what about sexual desire
and sexual acts? Well, again according to Buddhist evolutionology, internal
world of inhabitants evolves in a descending order and thus saṃsāric evolution
is seen as a form of decadence and the hierarchy of the world is inversely
proportional to the intensity and density of cognitional-emotional defilements
(<i>kleśa: nyon mongs pa</i>) and detrimental karmic yields. It is the <i>kāmarāga </i>(sensual
and particularly sexual desire) that propels the evolution of <i>kāmadhātu</i>,
and not vice versa. In this regard, the evolution of sexual organs and sexual
activities maybe seen as the actualization and manifestation of one’s sexual
desire. One is, so to speak, born in the <i>kāmadhātu</i> to live out
one’s <i>kāmarāga </i>(with all its implications). But obviously
human beings in the kāmic<i> </i>sphere are not particularly proud of
their kāmic desires and pleasures, kāmic organs, and kāmic activities. So, they
prefer to keep these private and secret. The Abhidharmic evolutionology, in
fact, clearly tells us that home or house was felt necessary and hence built,
not primarily to protect oneself from other dangers but to protect one’s
privacy, so that one’s kāmic activities can be performed and kāmic desire
fulfilled in privacy and secrecy, without the peering or jeering eyes of
onlookers besieged with all kinds of cognitional-emotional defilements. In
short, at least according to Abhidharmic evolutionology, the need for secrecy
is rooted in the need for privacy, and the need for privacy is rooted in one’s
cognitional-emotional defilements, about which one is not particularly proud but
rather embarrassed and ashamed of.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<!--EndFragment-->Dorji Wangchuk (Kuliśeśvara)http://www.blogger.com/profile/02042613761261634658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2595537203277298730.post-32906681290547234532019-07-26T09:57:00.003+02:002019-07-26T09:59:32.811+02:00Buddhist Aretology<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333;">To be sure, “aretology” (also called “</span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #333333; padding: 0cm;">aretaics”) is said to be </span><span lang="EN-US">“[</span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #333333; padding: 0cm;">t]hat part of moral philosophy
which treats virtue, its nature, and the means of attaining to it.” It is thus only
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part of Buddhist doctrine deals precisely with this topic, and in fact with a
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(or <i>śīlapāramitā</i>), <i>adhiśīla</i>, <i>saṃvara</i>, <i>samaya</i>, and
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Dorji Wangchuk (Kuliśeśvara)http://www.blogger.com/profile/02042613761261634658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2595537203277298730.post-44976542576358361632019-04-27T22:11:00.002+02:002019-04-27T23:16:40.712+02:00Buddhist Hermeneutology<span style="font-size: x-large;">1. RĀ 4.94: Like teaching alphabet and grammar!</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;">2. RĀ 5.87ab: lung rigs ad sensum.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;">3. RĀ 4.77cd: Rule and exception!</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;">4. </span><span style="font-size: x-large;">RĀ 4.75; 2.42: Bitter pill.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;">5. </span><span style="font-size: x-large;">RĀ 4.72; 3.64: Ends justify means.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>Dorji Wangchuk (Kuliśeśvara)http://www.blogger.com/profile/02042613761261634658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2595537203277298730.post-85973328443821960352019-04-16T11:49:00.001+02:002019-04-16T11:52:57.136+02:00Buddhist Philosophology<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">For some reason, I
always feel something odd and pretentious when we attempt to study past
Buddhist philosophers such as Nāgārjuna and present ourselves as “Buddhist
philosophers.” Inwardly and silently I always tend to protest “Nāgārjuna is a
Buddhist philosopher,” and we are students who try to understand his thought
based on extant works of his. The fact that we try to make sense (or nonsense)
of Nāgārjuna’s thoughts does not make us Buddhist philosophers. We can, for
sure, study Buddhist philosophy, history of Buddhist philosophy, intellectual
history of Buddhist philosophy, but not call ourselves “Buddhist philosophers.”
But just the other day I stumbled upon a term “Philosophology.” This is a term
used, for example, by Robert M. Pirsig, in a philosophical novel of his
(i.e. Robert M. Pirsig, <i>Lila: An Inquiry Into Morals</i>. New York:
Bantam Books, 1991). There he is supposed to have stated “Philosophology is to
philosophy as musicology is to music.” I have not read the novel myself. Yes,
this is the term I want. We need to distinguish “Buddhist philosophology” from
“Buddhist philosophology.” Academics engaged in the study of past Buddhist
philosophy are rather “Buddhist philosophologists,” and not “Buddhist philosophers.”
Of course, nobody would forbid us to be “Buddhist philosophers.” Nobody
would forbid a musicologist to play music and be a musician. But the roles and
responsibilities of a musicologist and of a musician must clearly be
distinguished.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment--></div>
<!--EndFragment--></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Dorji Wangchuk (Kuliśeśvara)http://www.blogger.com/profile/02042613761261634658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2595537203277298730.post-67155574458396254182019-04-14T19:24:00.002+02:002019-04-14T19:31:47.554+02:00A Buddhist Etiology<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">I am tempted to use the term “Buddhist
etiology,” primarily to express the Buddhist theory of the origination of
internal world consisting of sentient beings (<i>sattvaloka</i>) or saṃsāric
inhabitants and the external world consisting of habitat (<i>bhājanaloka</i>).
In certain strands of Buddhism, it may also deal with the origination of <i>saṃsāra</i> and <i>nirvāṇa</i>,
and in others with the origination of a human being. The word etiology (or
aetiology or ætiology) is said to be the “the study of causation, or
origination. The word is derived from the Greek <i>αἰτιολογία</i>, <i>aitiología</i>,
‘giving a reason for’ (<i>αἰτία</i>, <i>aitía</i>, ‘cause,’ and -<i>λογία</i>,
-<i>logía</i>). More completely, etiology is the study of the causes,
origins, or reasons behind the way that things are, or the way they function,
or it can refer to the causes themselves. The word is commonly used in
medicine, (where it is a branch of medicine studying causes of disease) and in
philosophy, but also in physics, psychology, government, geography, spatial
analysis, theology, and biology, in reference to the causes or origins of
various phenomena.” In Buddhist context, too, it can best be employed to express <i>samudayasatya</i> (i.e.
causal aspect of <i>saṃsāra</i>) as opposed to <i>duḥkhyasatya</i> (i.e.
resultant aspect of <i>saṃsāra</i>). One can also employ this term to
express <i>mārgasatya</i> as the cause of <i>nirodhasatya</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Dorji Wangchuk (Kuliśeśvara)http://www.blogger.com/profile/02042613761261634658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2595537203277298730.post-11842964454973910362019-04-14T18:17:00.003+02:002020-06-29T14:51:42.777+02:00Buddhist Xenology<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Baskerville; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><font size="5"><br />I use the word “xenology” here in the way Halbfass used, namely, as “attitude towards others.” What I write here is not an outcome of some research. It is something spontaneous. Needless to state that <i>xeno</i>- is said to be from Greek <i>xenos </i>meaning “stranger, foreigner.” I like the word. It provides one with a basis of thinking about something very personal and fundamental. The fundamental presupposition seems to be that there is a sense of “oneself” as opposed to a sense of “others.” Otherwise the very concepts of xenophobe and xenophile would make so sense. Buddhist philosophy would not propose a metaphysical, transpersonal, hypostatic, or substantial Self. Belief in such a Self, if one has, would be seen as being induced by an indoctrinator. Buddhist philosophy would not, as far as I am concerned, deny the possibility of an instinctive notion of personal self based on the continuum (<i>rgyun</i>) and conglomeration (<i>tshogs pa</i>) of psychical-physical complex (<i>phung po</i>), which is, however, epistemically speaking, false, misconstrued, vague, and arbitrary. The notion of self therefore has no epistemic value or validity. But it does have an instrumental value or efficacy. So long as one wanders around in the cyclic existence, one needs a sense of personal identity. A premature loss of identity, or split personality, or a multiple-personality complex would be detrimental to one’s mundane and supramundane responsibilities and aspirations. In fact, one’s self is the spatial and temporal point of reference for everything. As long as one roams around in <i>saṃsāra</i>, which is of one’s creation, and as long as one has the notion of self, it is completely natural to have the notions of “self” and “others.” On this level, we cannot deny that there are differences as well similarities among human beings with regard to color, creed, race, gender, culture, ethnicity, cognitive-emotive-conative faculty, and so on. The fulcrum upon which the self–other lever hinges, however, is a misconception. As long as there is the fundamental nescience, there is bound to be xenophobes or xenophiles. One tends to see anyone foreign as a potential foe, or anything foreign as dangerous. Taking a cobra for a rope and a rope for a cobra are both misperceptions or misconceptions. Until nescience is replaced by insight, it is going to affect oneself and others. The challenge is how should one and how can one and how best can one perform this tricky balance act.<o:p></o:p></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Baskerville; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><font size="5"> Histories or stories about the introduction of Buddhism in Tibet is full of references to xenophobic aptitudes and actions. For examples, Śāntarakṣita, Padmasambhava, and Vimalamitra, <o:p></o:p></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Baskerville; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><font size="5"> </font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Baskerville; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><font size="5"> </font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Baskerville; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><font size="5"> </font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Baskerville; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><font size="5"> </font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Baskerville; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: start;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><font size="5"> </font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Baskerville; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: start;"><span lang="DE"><font size="5"> </font></span></p></div>
Dorji Wangchuk (Kuliśeśvara)http://www.blogger.com/profile/02042613761261634658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2595537203277298730.post-84590812067369086182019-04-14T18:14:00.003+02:002019-04-14T18:14:57.440+02:00A Buddhist Reasonology
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<!--StartFragment-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">(1) reasoning
of intrinsic <b>reality,</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">(2) reasoning
of causal <b>efficacy</b>/<b>affectivity (</b>knowing effect through
cause),<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">(3) reasoning
of result’s<b> dependency</b> (knowing cause through effect), and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">(4) reasoning
that demonstrates the <b>rationality</b>/<b>logicality </b>of reason.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />Dorji Wangchuk (Kuliśeśvara)http://www.blogger.com/profile/02042613761261634658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2595537203277298730.post-61836684842291811192019-04-14T18:11:00.002+02:002019-04-14T18:11:12.194+02:00A Buddhist Kāmology<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">Here I
am again. It has been a while since I wrote something on my blog “Philosophia
Buddhica.” To remind my (potential) readers, this is a blog for pure
speculations. I let my imaginations run wild here. During my high school days,
economics was not one of my favorite subjects. Due to my newfound interest in
Buddhist philosophy, economics seemed so remote and strange. Nonetheless, one
point that is attributed to Adam Smith (1723–1790), “father of economics,” left
an indelible print in my mind, namely, to put his ideas in my own words, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">infinity</i> of
human wants/desire/needs, and the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">finity/scarcity</i> of
resources. This idea, I felt already then, sounds quite Buddhistic or rather
compatible with Buddhist ideas.<o:p></o:p></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Baskerville;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Desire, according
to Buddhist philosophy, is usually a problem. But it can also be an
opportunity. A moth’s desire for a flame can be destructive. On the other hand,
one’s desire for one’s freedom (e.g. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mokṣa/vimokṣa </i>or<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> mukti/vimukti</i>)
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express “desire.” like in English, several synonyms and near synonyms are
possible. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Dorji Wangchuk (Kuliśeśvara)http://www.blogger.com/profile/02042613761261634658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2595537203277298730.post-13730413759869924312019-03-21T15:16:00.001+01:002020-06-29T14:56:29.357+02:00A Buddhist Raceology<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Baskerville; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><font size="5">On the one hand, we live in a multiracial (also multiethnic, multicultural, and multireligious) society. On the other hand, or perhaps precisely because of it, our society is beset with racial tension and racial discrimination/hatred/conflicts. We also live in a time when on the one hand we propagate that race does not matter but on the other hand we play identity politics based on race. As someone who attempts to study Buddhist texts and ideas—mainly, Indian and Tibetan—one inevitably asks what would be a Buddhist theory of human race, that is, a Buddhist raceology. And what would be a Buddhist position on racism?<o:p></o:p></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Baskerville; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><font size="5">To be sure, I am not even sure which words in Sanskrit or Tibetan would best convey the idea of “race.” I am not a Sanskritist and so I cannot tell with certainty which Sanskrit words express the idea of “race.” It appears that <i>vaṃśa</i> (<i>rigs/rus</i>), <i>varṇa</i> (<i>rigs</i>), <i>jāti</i> (<i>rigs</i>) and <i>gotra</i> (<i>gdung/rigs/rus/cho ’brang</i>) cover the semantic range of “caste, family, and race,” all of which are believed to be determined by birth. Buddhism, an Indian religion, seems to have taken the existence of different castes in the society and the societal perception that some castes are more respectable than others for granted. Thus, it is said that, the Buddha, before taking birth in the world, considered “five types of considerations” (<i>gzigs pa rnam pa lnga</i>), one being the “consideration of the caste.” Analogously perhaps, all 1000 or so <i>buddha</i>s of the <i>bhadrakalpa</i> aeon are said to appear in the <i>kṣatriya</i> or <i>brāhmaṇa</i> caste. The only reason, as far as I know, is that whichever caste or form of existence would best benefit sentient beings, the Buddha would manifest in that caste or form of existence. If a hunter, fisherman, or prostitute were to benefit sentient beings the best/most, the Buddha would manifest as a hunter, fisherman, or prostitute. Later on, it seems, the possibility was extended also to other species (i.e. to all five or six forms of existences) and even to inanimate objects such as islands and bridges.<o:p></o:p></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><font size="5"><font face="Baskerville">Buddhism seems to recognize two kinds of caste/race, namely, a biological/physiological and a spiritualogical/soteriological one. While the biological/physiological caste/race may be said to be determined or acquired by birth, the spiritualogical/soteriological caste/race can be acquired by cultivation and training. Buddhism also seems to override the significance of the biological/physiological caste/race by spiritualogical/soteriological caste/race. This can be seen by the Buddha’s reevaluation and reinterpretation of key terms such as </font><i style="font-family: Baskerville;">brāhmaṇa</i><font face="Baskerville"> and </font><i style="font-family: Baskerville;">ārya</i><font face="Baskerville">. The purity of heart and mind overrides the supposed purity of blood and bones. The nobility of the heart and mind overrides the supposed nobility of one’s questionable biological caste/race. Here Bhāviveka’s thoughts on this would be worth referring to.<o:p></o:p></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Baskerville; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><font size="5">With regard to the spiritualogical/soteriological caste/race, Buddhism in course of time has developed two theories, namely, a five-<i>gotra</i> theory and a one-<i>gotra</i> theory. Both were probably proposed with the best of intentions. The first theory should enable Buddhists to accord complete personal liberty to all sentient beings. They are free to choose any kind of soteriological model or not to choose any at all. The second allows Buddhists to accord respect to all sentient beings as equally being <i>buddha</i> potentials or hidden <i>buddha</i>s.<o:p></o:p></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Baskerville; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><font size="5">Various Tantric classes and systems also suggest that some form of Buddhism recognizes the soteriological potentials of human beings of the four castes. In fact, there seems to be a reverse of the soteriological potentiality of human beings of the four castes. The lower the caste one belongs to, the better suited is one said to be for the more profound Tantric teachings! Here, too, the caste system has been presupposed but has been reevaluated in a reverse way.<o:p></o:p></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Baskerville; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><font size="5">Some Vinaya sources may suggest that ordaining persons from certain social groups or background including those from “bad caste/family” (<i>rigs ngan pa</i>) have been seen as obstacles (<i>bar chad</i>) for the ordination. A closer look, however, reveals that this has been due to the potential undermining of the social standing of the ordained community. One cannot deny the potential difficulty that the ordained community would have faced if the majority of its members consisted of convicts and social groups that were not held in high esteem. Being from a lowly caste, though perceived to be a bit of an image problem, has not been seen as a hindrance for the arising of the precept of ordination. Once ordained, no one is supposed to discriminate anyone on the basis of one’s former caste. Obviously discrimination on the basis of caste is a transgression in the Vinaya. The Buddha is said to have said: “In my doctrine, caste is not important, race/family is not important. Important is the [three types of] training (i.e. <i>adhiśīla</i>, <i>adhicitta</i>, <i>adhiprajñā</i>)” (<i>nga’i bstan pa ’di la | rigs mi gtso | rus mi gtso | bslab pa gtso ||</i>).<o:p></o:p></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Baskerville; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><font size="5">Buddhism may have to accept race and racism as social realities, no matter how undesirable or desirable a society might consider them to be. But they would be seen as mere social conventions and constructions. While we cannot deny our physiology, Buddhism seems to want human beings to relocate their values to spiritual purity. I may be born in a <i>śūdra</i> caste but I can be reborn in this life as a <i>brāhmaṇa</i> in the Buddha’s sense. I may not belong to an <i>ārya</i> race (according to some racist ideology) but I can be an <i>ārya</i> in the Buddha’s sense. I may not be born as a biological son of Siddhārtha, but I can be born in this lifetime as the legitimate son of the Buddha, namely, as a <i>bodhisattva</i>.<o:p></o:p></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Baskerville; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2cm;"><font size="5">From a broader perspective of Buddhist philosophy, the very assumption that race, caste, skin color, creed, religiosity, ethnicity, nationality, gender, and so on—even when the diversity and multiplicity of which cannot be denied and hence may even be worth preserving—as a kind of a static entity/identity/reality fixed for eternity is very irrational and bizarre. All of these, again from a Buddhist perspective, are mere temporary features of our physical bases (<i>lus rten</i>). What guarantee is there that I will not die in the next instant and thus change my race, caste, skin color, creed, religiosity, ethnicity, nationality, and gender!</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Baskerville; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><font size="5"> </font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Baskerville; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><font size="5"> </font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Baskerville; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><font size="5"> </font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Baskerville; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span lang="DE"><font size="5"> </font></span></p>Dorji Wangchuk (Kuliśeśvara)http://www.blogger.com/profile/02042613761261634658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2595537203277298730.post-43664782772210516902018-07-10T11:26:00.002+02:002018-07-10T13:02:32.189+02:00On the Lords of the Three Families<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">This blog contribution is
dedicated to Adele, a former student of mine, who inspired me to make a
few thoughts on the “Lords of the Three Families” (<i>rigs gsum mgon po</i>). Mahāyāna sources abound in names of <i>bodhisattva</i>s. The two of the most famous
clusters of <i>bodhisattva</i>s seem to
be what are known as the “Eight Great Close Spiritual Sons [of the Buddha]” (<i>nye ba’i sras chen brgyad</i>) and the
“Lords of the Three Families” (<i>rigs gsum
mgon po</i>). The names of the eight have been listed, for example, in
the <i>Mahāvyutpatti </i>(nos.
645–652). I do not know of any Western-language study or publication devoted
exclusively to the eight figures as a group or to any individual figure. Among
the traditional Tibetan works, however, the one that comes to my mind
immediately is Mi-pham rNam-rgyal-rgya-mtsho’s (1846–1912) <i>Byang chub sems dpa’ chen po nye ba’i sras
brgyad kyi rtogs brjod nor bu’i phreng ba</i>. What is remarkable is that in
Tibetan Buddhism either the eight are revered collectively or the focus is
placed on the “Lords of the Three Families” (<i>rigs gsum mgon po</i>). Iconographic depictions of these would be
widespread. Unlike in East Asian Buddhism, Kṣitigarbha seems not to have played
such an eminent position in Tibetan Buddhism. One wonders if the Chinese
rendering of the name Kṣitigarbha and the role attributed to Kṣitigarbha
coupled with the indigenous East Asian view of the yonder or
(subterranean) world especially regarding the destiny of prematurely
deceased children have contributed to the rise of Kṣitigarbha cult in a way
that is not known in India or Tibet. By contrast, what are known as the Lords
of the Triadic Families (<i>rigs gsum mgon
po</i>), namely, Mañjuśrī (representing the Body family), Avalokiteśvara
(representing the Speech family), and Vajrapāṇi (representing the Mind
family) enjoy a prominent place. By the way, Maitreya, too, as a crown prince
and regent of the Buddha and as the future Buddha, enjoys a special place in
Tibetan Buddhism. In the case of Maitreya, it would be useful to study modern
hypotheses of the provenance (e.g. Indo-Iranian origin) of the
concept and figure Maitreya. At any rate, I do not know of any study
devoted exclusively to the triadic group, or, for that matter, also
to one of the three figures. I personally believe that each of the three figures
would make an excellent topic of study, but one that would be
tremendously challenging because a careful and comprehensive study that
takes into account both its diachronic and synchronic perspectives must
have both the breadth and depth of knowledge of Buddhist sources in
many different sources languages and texts, and also the
necessary methodic rigor. Scholars like myself who do not possess such
prerequisites and expertise should not touch such topics lest we leave behind a
huge mess and thereby hampering advancement of research in these areas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">As venues of exploration for a
study of the triadic figures of Rigs-gsum-mgon-po in Tibetan cultural sphere, a
few questions come to my mind. What would be earliest Indian sources where the
three occur, if at all, as a group? What would be the Sanskrit (or other Indic
term)? How probable is the Sanskrit word *<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">trikulanātha </i>(employed
by Dan Martin in his <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tibskrit</i>)
to reconstruct a work title? Can we take for granted that the term or concept
of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kulatraya </i>is secured in
Indian sources? What would be earliest textual or arte-factual sources that
testify the three individual figures? Could it be possible that the concepts
and cults of Mañjuśrī, Avalokiteśvara, and Vajrapāṇi had different
and independent origins and milieu and latter they are brought
together as a group? If so, what could have been factors or motives? Since the
inception of these figures, how have they evolved in various non-Mantric and
Mantric forms of Mahāyāna Buddhism within and without the Indic cultural
sphere? What would be a possible relative chronology of the inception and
evolution of these figures and cults? Can one perhaps assume that the concept
of Vajrapāṇi (initially a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">yakṣa/yakkha</i>)
precedes the concepts of Mañjuśrī and Avalokiteśvara? Can we
find concepts/figures of Mañjuśrī and Avalokiteśvara in
pre/non-Mahāyāna sources? What roles were they initially and eventually
attributed to? Is it not the case that Mahāyāna apologists have claimed that
the Mahāyāna scriptures were codified by the triadic figures? What and where
are the terrestrial and celestial abodes (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kṣetra:
zhing khams</i>) of Mañjuśrī, Avalokiteśvara, and Vajrapāṇi
supposed to be? What kinds of roles do they play in the Mahāyāna soteriology,
ontology, gnoseology, epistemology, axiology, cosmology, iconology,
eschatology, and so on? Most important of all, how are they relevant, it at all,
to Mahāyāna soteriology? Because they have certainly not been conceived of as
historical figures confined to a specific time and place, how do Mahāyāna
traditions deal with these atemporal and ahistorical figures?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">Conceivably, the Mahāyāna
Buddhist perceptions of the triadic figures may fall into three
groups. First, some may view Mañjuśrī, Avalokiteśvara,
and Vajrapāṇi as historical figures in the same way we would view, for
examples, Tsong-kha-pa, mKhas-grub-rje, and rGyal-tshab-rje. Second, possibly some
may view the triadic figures to be complete fictional characters just like
fictitious figures in a novel, and thus reject them as having anything to do
with Buddhist soteriology. Third, some would neither accept them to be
historical figures confined to a specific period and place nor would they reject
them as complete nonsense. This group would recognize that although these
figures cannot be treated strictly as historical in the same way the
rJe-yab-sras-gsum are, but nonetheless, the idea of the triadic figures has its
own history and that it has its own role in Mahāyāna soteriology just as the
ideas of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">upāya </i>and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kāruṇā</i>, and<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>of the Buddhahoood and Bodhisattvahood are essential to Mahāyāna
soteriology. I personally think that those who take the first and second
stances would fall into extreme views of eternalism and nihilism, respectively,
and the third position alone be consistent with the middle way. I personally do
not subscribe myself to the former two views. The third view, in my view, is
indispensable for understanding and appreciating Mahāyānic mentality and
spirituality. If one is not interested in understanding Mahāyānic mentality and
spirituality, it is, of course, a different matter. The attitude and approach
of the third group, in my view, is crucial for those who pursue academic study
of religions in general and for those who pursue academic study of Buddhism in
particular. Otherwise, one would end up becoming a laughing stock of those who
possess both science and conscience. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">According to the third group,
who are these figures known as Mañjuśrī, Avalokiteśvara, and Vajrapāṇi?
In my view, these are the idealized and idolized <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bodhisattva</i>s of the highest and best kind and order. They have been
conceived of as the embodiments of the wisdom, compassion, and power or
strength of all conceivable <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">buddha</i>s
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bodhisattva</i>s! This way of
looking at Mañjuśrī, Avalokiteśvara, and Vajrapāṇi is not confined to
individuals like myself. I recall mKhan-po ’Jigs-med-phun-tshogs (1933–2004),
from whom I have had the honor and privilege to receive teachings for two
months, clearly stating that if we view Mañjuśrī as a person holding at
all times a sword and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">uptala </i>flower,
we have not understood what or who Mañjuśrī is. Mañjuśrī is the
representation of the knowing or gnostic mind of all <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">buddha</i>s (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sangs rgyas thams cad kyi thug mkhyen pa’i ye shes</i>)! Mañjuśrī
is primarily an idealized and iconized representation of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jñāna </i>or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">prajñā </i>of all <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">buddha</i>s
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bodhisattva</i>s. Avalokiteśvara is
primarily an idealized and iconized representation of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">karuṇā </i>of all <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">buddha</i>s and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bodhisattva</i>s. Vajrapāṇi is
primarily an idealized and iconized representation of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bala</i>s of all <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">buddha</i>s and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bodhisattva</i>s. When one thinks
of Mañjuśrī, one thinks of the wisdom and insight of the Buddha or
a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">buddha</i>. When one thinks
of Avalokiteśvara, one thinks of the compassion of the Buddha or
a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">buddha</i>. When one thinks
of Vajrapāṇi, one thinks of the strength and courage of
the Buddha or a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">buddha</i>.
When one invokes the three, one tries to inculcate one’s wisdom, compassion,
and strength or courage. Mañjuśrī is thus an icon of the best possible
cognitive element. Avalokiteśvara is an icon of the best possible
emotive element. Vajrapāṇi is the best possible conative element.
Those of us who wish to explore the best kind of cognitive, emotive, and
conative elements that are inherent in us, naturally look up to certain
idols. Mañjuśrī, Avalokiteśvara, and Vajrapāṇi happen to be precisely
those ahistorical and atemporal idols.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">In the world of Tibetan Buddhism,
we can find countless triadic historical figures, who have been identified and
associated (arbitrarily or otherwise) with Mañjuśrī, Avalokiteśvara,
and Vajrapāṇi. Consider Chos-rgyal-mos-dbon-rnam-gsum,
Khu-rngog-’brom-gsum, and so on. Here, too, one can see a purpose, a sense. We
just cannot brush such phenomena as nonsensical aside. Look at the
current Dalai Lama. He is traditionally identified and associated
with Avalokiteśvara. Unless one is psychically and intellectually blind or
impervious, one cannot deny that he does represent Avalokiteśvara. He
represents compassion. He stands for compassion. He promotes compassion. He
breathes compassion. He is compassion. Regardless of whether he is indeed
the rebirth of the previous Dalai Lamas or not, I personally think that it has
been such a sheer luck that the search team discovered this A-mdo child. They
made him Avalokiteśvara and he became Avalokiteśvara. He became
compassion. He is now compassion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">On a personal note, I have had
the fortune to receive many teachings from many Tibetan masters. Some are more
prominent, some less prominent, but to whom I am nonetheless equally
grateful. Among the prominent ones, we used to say, we have three masters
who are Mañjuśrī, Avalokiteśvara, and Vajrapāṇi. mKhan-po
’Jigs-med-phun-tshogs is our Mañjuśrī master; the Dalai Lama
our Avalokiteśvara master; and Pad-nor Rin-po-che (actually my
main guru) our Vajrapāṇi master. I also have many teachers who
are <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mkhan po</i>s. Amongst the
senior-most ones, mKhan-po rNam-grol is our Mañjuśrī <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mkhan po</i>; mKhan-po Tshe-dbang-rgya-mtsho
aka mKhan-po Guru our Avalokiteśvara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mkhan po</i>; mKhan-po Padma-shes-rab our Vajrapāṇi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mkhan po</i>. I do not know if they would
like this distribution of the role and identity. While each of these masters and
teachers is endowed with all three aspects of wisdom, compassion, and
integrity, what seem their prominent traits have been used to characterize them
in this way. I am sure each one of you are, in your daily life, actually
surrounded by your own Mañjuśrī, Avalokiteśvara, and Vajrapāṇi
masters, teachers, friends, and family members.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">In short Mañjuśrī,
Avalokiteśvara, and Vajrapāṇi stand for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mkhyen brtse nus/dpal gsum</i>. In order to explore and fully exploit
the potentialities of one’s own <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mkhyen
brtse nus/dpal gsum</i>, we need some visions, some models. Therefore it makes
much more sense to look up to Mañjuśrī, Avalokiteśvara, and Vajrapāṇi as
our models, and not up to those who pop up in the social and other media.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--EndFragment-->Dorji Wangchuk (Kuliśeśvara)http://www.blogger.com/profile/02042613761261634658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2595537203277298730.post-32738052320352753522018-05-05T09:54:00.001+02:002018-05-05T09:55:56.585+02:00Buddhist Chromology<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-size: 24.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The study or theory of “color”
(Greek <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">khrôma</i>) found in Buddhist
sources will be called here “Buddhist chromology.” Some readers may not like
this term. But it does not matter. Those who do like my term may simply replace
it with “Buddhist theory of color.” Here are some venues of exploration. First,
the idea of color found in Abhidharma sources should be explored. Second, the
idea of color in Vinaya sources may be explored. For example, what are the
permissible colors? Also the practice of dyeing should be discussed.
Third, how have colors been conceived of in later Mahāyāna sources?
Fourth, the idea of colors in Buddhist Tantric sources should be investigated.
In short, an attempt should be made to gain a diachronic and
synchronic perspective of the Buddhist idea and use of colors and their significance. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Dorji Wangchuk (Kuliśeśvara)http://www.blogger.com/profile/02042613761261634658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2595537203277298730.post-52059084464122372552018-02-12T00:09:00.004+01:002018-02-12T00:11:27.814+01:00Buddhist Dharmology
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Some venues for exploration:
Buddhist Dharmology is the Buddhist theory and study of <i>dharma</i>. There are many meanings and usage of the word <i>dharma</i>. According to Vasubandhu, there
are ten meanings of <i>dharma</i> (i.e. <i>chos ni shes bya lam dang ni || mya ngan
’das dang yid kyi yul ||</i>,<i> </i>etc.).
If it is used in the plural, it usually means “phenomena.” And <i>saddharma</i> refers to the teaching of the
Buddha. It is the <i>dharmaratna</i>, one of
the Three Jewels. Thus all that is <i>saddharma</i>
is <i>dharma</i> but not everything that is <i>dharma</i> is <i>saddharma</i>. <i>Saddharma</i> is
said to be of two types: <i>āgamadharma/deśanādharma
</i>and <i>adhigamadharma</i>. The first is
instructional-scriptural and the latter realizational-experiential. The first
is classified in many ways and on the basis of different criteria. Cf. <i>gsung rab yan lag dgu</i> or <i>bcu gnyis</i>, <i>sde snod gsum</i>, <i>mdo sde snod
gsum</i>, <i>sngags rgyud sde bzhi</i>; <i>bka’ ’khor lo rim pa gsum</i>, 84,000 <i>dharmaskandha</i>s, etc. The relationship
between <i>buddharatna</i>, <i>dharmaratna</i>, and <i>saṃgharatna</i> is interesting. According to some Mahāyāna sources, <i>buddha</i> can manifest as <i>dharma</i> and <i>saṃgha</i>. Each of the three can manifest as all three. Dharmology is
as complex as Buddhology. What is criteria of the genuineness or authenticity
of <i>dharma</i> in the sense of <i>saddharma</i>? Two kinds of criterion need
to be discussed. What is the anti-thesis of <i>dharma</i>?
Of course, <i>adharma</i>! Does <i>dharma</i> have any intrinsic value? Does it
have any extrinsic value? What is the origin of <i>saddharma</i>? These are some points to reflect upon.</span></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Dorji Wangchuk (Kuliśeśvara)http://www.blogger.com/profile/02042613761261634658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2595537203277298730.post-57465886172451469092018-02-02T16:30:00.005+01:002019-04-14T12:08:57.030+02:00Buddhist Egology<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Here are a few personal thoughts
on Buddhist egology. Obviously I am not the first person to employ this term.
No doubt, the Buddhist theory of<i> anātman</i> is well known. It
seems to be uniquely Buddhist. But did the Buddha categorically and
apodictically reject an <i>ātman</i>? There seem to be some indications
that he was somewhat reticent about the rejection of an <i>ātman</i>. This
is obviously because he knew that human beings tend to be categorical, radical,
and extreme, and thereby turn even medicine into poison and thereby causing
much pain, death, and destruction. The Buddha’s approach of teaching is
compared to a tigress’s approach of handling her cubs. She neither holds her
cubs too tight in her jaws lest she injures them nor does she hold them too
loose lest she drops them. A categorical and apodictic rejection of an <i>ātman</i> would
have robbed sentient beings of any basis of ethical-ascetical integrity thereby
encouraging them to become ruthless and irresponsible monsters who are bent on
ruining oneself and others. A categorical and apodictic proposition of an <i>ātman</i> would
have encouraged sentient beings to further bind themselves to a fictitious core
of existence and thereby causing them to go on suffering. This apparent
reticence or caution or ambivalence of the Buddha seems to have provided his
subsequent followers with two alternatives. While most Buddhist schools decided
for <i>anātman</i>, Vātsīputrīyas opted for <i>ātman</i>.
But unlike the non-Buddhist Ātmavādins, the latter maintained that <i>ātman</i> is
actually inexpressible because it can neither be expressed and identified as
being identical with or separate from a person’s psychical-physical complex (<i>skandha:
phung po</i>). They actually seem to have preferred to call it <i>pudgala</i>. Vātsīputrīyas are
said to have regarded this <i>ātman/pudgala</i> to be momentary as
opposed to non-Buddhist Ātmavādins, for whom <i>ātman</i> is always
eternal. But Vātsīputrīyas’ works on their <i>ātman/pudgala</i> theory
have not been transmitted to us and thus what little we know about it is based
on reports of it given by its opponents who might not have necessarily
portrayed Vātsīputrīyas’ position fairly or accurately. It becomes clear that
for Vasubandhu, Vātsīputrīyas’ theory of <i>ātman/pudgala</i> would
be problem only if it is said to be “substantially existent” (<i>dravyasat:
rdzas su yod pa</i>). If it is accepted to be only “nominally existent” (<i>prajñaptisat:
btags par yod pa</i>), it would not be a problem at all.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Most Buddhist schools
subsequently proposed <i>anātman</i>. In this regard, we have to ask this
question, which was probably asked by past Buddhist philosophers. That is, if
the Buddha was reticent about the <i>ātman </i>and<i> anātman</i>,
was it because both of them were epistemically wrong or right but he did not
specify as such for therapeutic, propaedeutic, or pedagogic reasons or
purposes? Most Buddhist schools seem to have taken for granted that
the Buddha indeed taught that <i>ātman </i>does not exist, which
is the truth, but nonetheless, he was careful because not everyone can digest
the truth and benefit from it. From a Prāsaṅgika-Madhyamaka’s perspective, one
could perhaps state that there are actually no ‘I’ and ‘Mine’ but nonetheless,
the Buddha, in accordance with the conventions known in the world (<i>lokaprasiddha:
’jig rten grags pa</i>), spoke in terms of ‘I’ and ‘Mine’ for the
benefit of sentient beings. Similarly, there are actually no psychical-physical
complexes (<i>skandha</i>) and entitative elements (<i>dhātu: khams</i>) but nonetheless,
the Buddha, in accordance with the conventions known in the world, spoke of
the psychical-physical complexes and entitative elements for the
benefit of sentient beings. Likewise, there is actually not
even <i>cittamātra</i>, but nonetheless, the Buddha, in
accordance with the conventions known in the world, taught the doctrine <i>cittamātra </i>for
the benefit of sentient beings. And finally, there is actually not
even <i>śūnyatā</i>, but nonetheless the Buddha taught the
doctrine <i>śūnyatā </i>for the benefit of sentient beings. The
teaching of <i>śūnyatā </i>itself is an antidote against the view
that phenomena exists in reality. Once the illness is cured one should no
longer cling to even medicine. Thus, let alone hypostatizing <i>ātman</i>, one
should not even hypostatize <i>śūnyatā.</i> By hypostatizing the
ultimate medicine, one would turn it into poison. If this happens, the illness
would become incurable and there is no other cure. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Schmithausen has pointed out
that the term <i>anātman</i> has been interpreted in two ways,
namely, as (1) a <i>tatpuruṣa</i> (<i>bdag ma yin pa</i>) “non-Self”
and as (b) a <i>bahuvrīhi</i> (<i>bdag med pa</i>) “no-Self”
(Schmithausen 2007: 221, n. 27). These two interpretations also seem to serve
as doctrinal basis of what are called the two kinds of negation with regard
to <i>nairātmya</i> (“non/no-essentiality”) or <i>śūnyatā</i> (“emptiness”),
namely, “implicatory negation/exclusion” (<i>ma yin dgag</i>) and
“non-implicatory negation/exclusion” (<i>med dgag</i>). I personally feel that
these two were not seen as mutually contradictory but rather complementary.
That is, if none of the phenomena are <i>ātman</i> (i.e. <i>ma
yin dgag</i>), there is no <i>ātman</i> (i.e. <i>med dgag</i>).
If none of the persons present in a room is a thief (i.e. <i>ma yin dgag</i>),
one could conclude that there is no thief in the room (i.e. <i>med dgag</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The basic Buddhist philosophical
argument against the existence of an <i>ātman</i> is that <i>ātman</i>,
which is explicitly or implicitly understood to be autonomous, eternal, and
unitary core of a person, is impossible because all conditioned phenomena are
heteronomous, transient, and multiple. A person or self is nothing but a vague
fuzzy and arbitrary label given to a collection and continuum of heterogeneous
and heteronomous psychical-physical complexes, and there is such thing as
an <i>ātman</i> in the sense of a kind of meta-psychical or
meta-physical core or essentiality (<i>ātmya</i>) that underlies a person. Thus
all conditioned phenomena are transient. All defied phenomena subjected to or
associated with pain, suffering, and discontentment. All phenomena are
characterized by non-essentiality and emptiness. The cessation of the suffering
and discontentment and their causes alone is characterized by tranquility or
quiescence.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">There are all kinds or degrees
of egotism, egoism, egocentricity, or egomania, such as the seven kinds of
‘ego’ (<i>sapta mānāḥ: nga rgyal rnam pa bdun = nga rgyal bdun</i>): <i>māna</i>, <i>atimāna</i>, <i>mānātimāna</i>, <i>abhimāna</i>, <i>ūnamāna</i>, <i>mithyāmāna</i>,
and <i>asmimāna</i>. There is also a list of nine. But the root of all
seems to be <i>asmimāna</i>, the notion of self or
self-identity/self-identification. It is the notion of an ego (<i>ahaṃkāra:
ngar ’dzin pa</i>). This is also the basis of “grasping to [someone or
something as] mine” (<i>mamakāra: bdag gir ’dzin pa = nga yir ’dzin pa</i>).
One grasps to one as “I” and to other persons and things as “mine.” This fuels
the motor of one’s saṃsāric engine.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">In course of time, there arose
two kinds of non/no-essentiality (<i>nairātmya: bdag med pa</i>) corresponding
to the two kinds of “essentiality” (<i>ātmya: bdag</i>): non/no-essentiality of
person (<i>pudgalanairātmya: gang zag gi bdag med pa</i>) and
non/no-essentiality of phenomena (<i>dharmanairātmya: chos kyi bdag med pa</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The classical argumentative
reasoning for <i>pudgalanairātmya</i> is the “sevenfold analysis of a
chariot,” that is, the <i>rnam bdun shing rta’i rigs pa</i>. Candrakīrti’s
employment of it is more popular in Tibet. But this seems to go back in some
form already to earlier sources such as the <i>Millindapañha</i> and <i>Vajjirasutta</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The doctrines of <i>pudgalanairātmya</i> and <i>dharmanairātmya</i> have
obviously been seen not only as being key to soteric goals but also to
therapeutic purposes. The therapeutic value of the doctrine of <i>pudgalanairātmya</i> seems
to be gained through the depersonalization of phenomena. That is, the
realization that there is no <i>pudgala</i> (“person”) involved in
whatever terrible and horrible happens in the world would help one cope with
the world. Persons and their actions, too, are mere phenomena (<i>dharmamātra:
chos tsam</i>) determined through constellation and interaction of causes and
conditions. If this does not make sense, just compare how humans
psychologically deal with <i>pudgala</i>-made (i.e. men-made) and <i>dharma</i>-made
(i.e. natural) disasters! <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The most important critique
against the <i>nairātmya</i> theory is the lack of an agent or bearer
for the karmic and salvific mechanism. For Buddhists, there is no need for an
owner or bearer of karmic and salvific consequences. These just take place like
a wild fire in an empty village. Just as one employs the term “chariot” so does
one employ the term “I” or “self.” In other words, there is no problem even for
the Buddha and philosophers such as Nāgārjuna to resort to the convention of
the first person singular “I” (or “self”). This convention is used, so to speak,
naively and analytically. Some scholars call this “mere I” (<i>nga tsam</i>).
Some Buddhist responses to the critiques, however, had far reaching
consequences. It gave rise to many doctrines and ideas that were not directly
related to Buddhist soteriology.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br />
Buddhist sources recognize two kinds of <i>ātman</i> or rather
notions of <i>ātman</i>. The first notion of ‘I’ is instinctive, inborn,
and natural (<i>lhan skyes</i>). We are born with a notion of ‘I.’ It is
erroneous and arbitrary. But apparently this is of existential necessity. ‘I’
is the spatial and temporal point of reference for everything. Ironically, this
vague, feeble, blurry, erroneous, and arbitrary notion of ‘I’ is the center of
one’s universe. That is, a premature loss of personal identity;
split-personality; multiple-personality complex; and the like, would lead to an
identity crisis in our saṃsāric existence, thereby rendering us unfit for
taking up any kind of responsibility. The second notion of ‘I’ is the notion of
a meta-psychical and meta-physical <i>ātman</i> acquired through
indoctrination. It is conceptually constructed (<i>kun brtags</i>)
and artificial. Although this artificial notion of ‘I’ is certainly
erroneous, it is not the actual cause of our saṃsāric existence and thus the
cognition that such an <i>ātman</i> does not exist will not free us
from our saṃsāric bondage. The instinctive notion of ‘I’ is the actual
culprit. It is responsible for our saṃsāric bondage. Gaining direct jñānaic
access to the non-existence of such a ‘self’ would uproot the root cause
of saṃsāric bondage thereby causing one’s freedom from saṃsāric shackles.
The second notion of ‘I’ cannot exist without the first notion of ‘I’ but the
first notion of ‘I’ can exist without the second notion of ‘I’.
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Later trans/ultra-phenomenal
reality (e.g. <i>tathatā</i> and <i>tathāgatagrabha</i>) came to
be called <i>ātman</i>, not in the sense of traditional non-Buddhist
Ātmavādins’ theory of <i>ātman</i>, but in a sense that transcends the two
extremes or poles of <i>ātman</i> and <i>anātman</i>. The
trans/ultra-phenomenal reality that transcends the dichotomy of <i>ātman</i> and <i>anātman</i> has
been described as the <i>ātmapāramitā</i> (“perfection of self”). The
transcendence of what has been referred to as the extremes of <i>ātman</i> and <i>anātman</i> is
not limited to cataphatic Mahāyāna strands of Buddhism (e.g. in Tathāgatagarbhic
scriptures) but also found in apophatic strands of Mahāyāna strands of Buddhism
(e.g. in the <i>Kāśyapaparivarta</i>). These, in a way, are continuation
of the approach of the Buddha as insinuated by the analogy of
a tigress’s handling of her cubs.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br /></div>
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Dorji Wangchuk (Kuliśeśvara)http://www.blogger.com/profile/02042613761261634658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2595537203277298730.post-13956718320950110872018-01-12T00:03:00.003+01:002019-04-28T14:55:32.458+02:00Buddhist Dolorology/Algology/Algonomy/Lypeology/Odyneology
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<!--StartFragment-->
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">I would like to remind my readers (especially if they
happen to be my students) that these blog writings of mine are not meant to be
academic writings and thus they should not be treated as such, although I do
welcome academics to read and comment on them.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">I contend that the uniqueness of a religion is defined
by the uniqueness of its soteriology, and Buddhism is no exception. And
Buddhist soteriology is inextricably linked with what I propose to call
“Buddhist algology or Buddhist algonomy.” I wish to define “Buddhist
algology or algonomy” simply as the Buddhist philosophy of pain or
suffering in a concrete sense (e.g. toothache) as well as a deep-seated,
subtle, and inexplicable sense of discontentment even as one experiences
moments of sheer joy or pleasure. Or, we may employ terms such as “Buddhist
lypeology” or “Buddhist odyneology.” I have borrowed Greek words <i>lypē</i> and <i>odynē</i> (having
the meaning of “(primarily) physical or (secondarily) mental pain”). By
“Buddhist lypeology/odyneology,” I wish to express the Buddhist theory or
philosophy of pain, suffering, and discontentment (<i>duḥkha: sdug bsngal</i>).
Buddhist lypeology/odyneology can be considered an important aspect of Buddhist
philosophy and Buddhist soteriology. I shall mention here only a few points
that seem relevant for Buddhist lypeology/odyneology. What is <i>duḥkha</i>?
What is the nature of <i>duḥkha</i>? What are the causes and conditions
of <i>duḥkha</i>? What are the antidotes of <i>duḥkha</i>? Can one
and how can one end <i>duḥkha</i>? What is the value (if there is one at
all) of <i>duḥkha</i>? With regard to the nature of <i>duḥkha</i>,
one can also consider the typology of <i>duḥkha</i>. One may consider two
types of <i>duḥkha</i>: physical (or bodily) <i>duḥkha</i> and
psychical (or mental) <i>duḥkha</i>. On may also consider three types
of <i>duḥkha</i>. This is well known. The third of the three types
of <i>duḥkha</i> is said to be typically Buddhist (LS). Then usually
Buddhist sources speak of the eight kinds of <i>duḥkha</i> (already
in canonical sources). I just see that rDo grub bsTan pa’i nyi ma (<i>gSung
’bum</i>, vol. 7, p. 236) also speaks of two kinds of <i>duḥkha</i>,
“gross <i>duḥkha</i>” (<i>rags pa’i sdug bsngal</i>) and “subtle <i>duḥkha</i>”
(<i>phra ba’i sdug bsngal</i>) The first one is identified as <i>duḥkha</i> experienced
by beings in lower destinies (<i>durgati: ngan song</i>) whereas the latter
with <i>saṃskāraduḥkhatā</i>. Two Buddhist positions are noteworthy here.
First we have the one position according to which there is no <i>sukha</i> at
all in <i>saṃsāra</i> and that all feelings/sensations are <i>duḥkha</i>.
The impression of <i>sukha</i> that we get is mistaken just like the
feeling of ease that we get while shifting the load from one shoulder to
another. Second, we do also have some strands that believed that we do have
feeling of happiness and pleasure (although often dominated by the feeling
of <i>duḥkha</i>). The primary cause of <i>duḥkha</i> is
according to one position <i>tṛṣṇā</i> and according to another <i>avidyā</i> (and
we may find the two positions reconciled). It is assumed that <i>pāpa</i> causes <i>duḥkha</i>.
What about the value of <i>duḥkha</i>? My impression is that in
Buddhism, <i>duḥkha</i> in a measured degree can be beneficial for a
person (and thus can have a positive instrumental value). Too much of <i>duḥkha</i> or <i>sukha</i> is,
however, detrimental or impedimental for a person. In Buddhism, <i>duḥkha</i> is
not owned by an owner. It takes place in any psycho-physical complex at any
given point in time and place. In addition, it is assumed that <i>duḥkha</i> (e.g.
toothache) is a reality that one has to face once it is present. If one does
not want future <i>duḥkha</i>, just avoid its causes and conditions.
Intellectual-psychological receptivity (<i>kṣānti: bzod pa</i>) is necessary to
face one’s <i>duḥkha</i>. Usually one who is capable of
equalizing <i>sukha</i> and <i>duḥkha</i> is
considered wise. Some Buddhist strands recommend one to view <i>duḥkha</i> not
as a problem but as a solution. So it is said that one should see <i>duḥkhasatya</i> as <i>nirodhasatya</i> (i.e. <i>saṃsāra</i> and <i>nirvāṇa</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">Some random points would be mentioned here as possible
venues for exploring Buddhist algology/algonomy. (1) The idea that the worldly
existence is inherently characterized by pain and suffering is not unique to
Buddhist philosophy, and is common to both pre-Buddhist and non-Buddhist
philosophies and religions. (2) What is certainly unique to Buddhism is the
scheme of the Four Noble Truths or Truths Accessible to the Noble Ones only.
(3) Ārydeva (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">CŚ</i> 2.25): Impermanence
entails injury! Where there is injury, there is no well-being, no happiness, no
delight. Thus that is which is characterized by impermanence is characterized
dissatisfaction or dissatisfactory-ness.</span><span style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Dorji Wangchuk (Kuliśeśvara)http://www.blogger.com/profile/02042613761261634658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2595537203277298730.post-10973774419196012932017-12-03T01:39:00.001+01:002018-01-19T10:59:17.855+01:00A Buddhist Philosophical Perspective on Sensibility and Vulnerability<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">It is
already passed midnight. I drank a cup of strong coffee to keep myself awake to
do some urgent paper works. I did manage to do some paper works but not all.
Paper works are like waves. Incessant. The effect of coffee seems to linger. I
am tired but still not sleepy. There is dead silence. I can only hear my
conceptual waves lash against the shores of my brain.</span><span style="font-family: Baskerville;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">I am
thinking about sensibility and vulnerability from a Buddhist philosophical
perspective. This is trigged by some recent turmoil (or incidents) in the
Tibetan society. I am not a Tibetan, but an admirer of Tibetan people with all
its strengths and weaknesses. And I try to intellectually engage with Tibetan
Buddhism. In fact, this is all I can do. I consider myself apolitical, not
because I have no political views on any given issue but because I consider
political (or religious) ideology to be inherently beset with
cognitional-emotional defilements (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kleśa: nyon mongs pa</i>).</span><span style="font-family: Baskerville;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">Elsewhere, I once
stated that there is no such thing as a perfect political system or a form of
government. Of the many forms of imperfect political systems, democracy seems
to be preferable, though not necessarily more efficient. I also claim that the
degree of the efficiency and success of democracy is directly proportional to
the gross national wisdom or insight (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">prajñā: shes rab</i>)
and compassion (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">karuṇā/kṛpā:
snying rje</i>) of the people. Democracy is doomed to fail and cause immense
misery to the people if the majority of people become increasingly blinded by
one’s political and religious ideology and if the benevolent attitude of
compassion for all people is supplanted by malevolence and hatred. Majority <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">per se</i> can
never be a criterion for prajñāic and karuṇāic correctness. Ignorance and
malice of one hundred people would not transform them to wisdom and compassion.
A country ruled by one wise and compassionate person would be much better off
than a country ruled by one hundred ignorant and cruel persons. That is why
sometimes one would think that a wise and benevolent monarchy is better than a
dysfunctional democracy run by foolish and cruel people. Despite such risks,
democracy should be promoted by trying to constantly enhance the gross national <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">prajñā</i> and
gross national <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">karuṇā</i>.
The two should ensure that the greater and long-term wellbeing of the people is
not undermined. …</span><span style="font-family: Baskerville;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Dorji Wangchuk (Kuliśeśvara)http://www.blogger.com/profile/02042613761261634658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2595537203277298730.post-53325873357801108392017-05-20T11:12:00.000+02:002017-05-20T11:14:59.824+02:00Philology = Textology + Ideology + Historiology<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">Here
is one more attempt to define “philology.” Philology is a discipline that
combines textology, ideology, and historiology. Textology, here, does not mean only “text linguistics” but “the study of texts written in the past.” By the way,
there is no such thing as “texts written in the present or future.” All written
texts come from the past. Ideology here is not “a system or set of religious
and non-religious ideals and beliefs characteristic of a social group or
individual” but “the science of ideas transmitted via written texts.”
Historiology here is to be understood as “the scientific study or knowledge of
history” (of texts and ideas). Note that because manuscript is a manuscript
only because of the text it bears, there is no “manuscriptology” without
philology. If there were such a discipline, it would be like a life-less body.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
Dorji Wangchuk (Kuliśeśvara)http://www.blogger.com/profile/02042613761261634658noreply@blogger.com0